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发布时间:2021-02-08 16:07:19浏览次数:
   
  想知道留学课程essay怎么写?也许你应该好好看看下面这篇范文。本文以银行业发展因素为例,为大家提供了一篇essay范文参考,通过此篇essay的学习,你可以知道,essay写作要素和相关的写作技巧。
 
  留学essay写作,essay优秀范文
 
  essayghost提供优秀essay范文,希望给广大留学生提供帮助
 
  本文主要从实质国内生产总值、贴现率,贸易开放和金融自由化的角度分析银行业发展的决定性因素,在分析的过程中以1970年到2007年的年度数据为主要依据。在这项研究中,流动负债,私人部门信贷和国内信贷是银行业发展的重要指标。本研究的研究结果表明贸易开放和银行业发展的负面关系。当银行业将私人部门信贷和国内信贷作为发展指标的时候,折现率对银行业的发展有着极其重大的影响;当流动负债和国内信贷作为银行业发展的指标的时候,实质国内生产总值的作用表现得极为重要。广义形式的数据被用于这项研究。
 
  在过去的几年中,巴基斯坦的金融领域显示出了巨大的增长,然而仍有持续发展的必要性。巴基斯坦的金融部门由各种专业的金融机构,商业银行,发展类金融机构,微金融银行,伊斯兰银行,证券交易所和保险公司组成。因此,巴基斯坦的整个金融行业为他们的客户和顾客提供了广泛的产品和服务。
 
  One school of thoughts is of view that the financial liberalization is also a major contributor towards the financial development in developing countries.“Financial liberalization means the deregulation of domestic financial markets and liberalization of the capital account.”(Attaullah,Cockerill,&Le,2004)empirically shows that the effectiveness of banking sector is improved following the financial liberalization.(Bekaert,Harvey,&Lundblad,2005)Suggests that there is a significant relationship between financial liberalization and economic growth.However,(Stiglitz,2000)argues that increase in financial liberalization enhances the macro economic vulnerability of nations and chances of crises becomes significant.The study of(Gong,Lee,&Chen,2004)supported the fact that increase in financial liberalization can cause crisis.(Wyplosz,2001)suggested that financial liberalization is effective if the objective is to increase the competition and decrease the monopoly powers.However,financial liberalization is quite risky for developing countries.Many developing countries in Asia and Europe have grown faster even with strong financial restraints.
 
  MODEL SPECIFICATION
 
  Based on the above literature,we can propose that in Pakistan,banking sector development is a function of real Gross Domestic Products(RGDP),Discount date(DR)and Trade openness(TO)and Financial Liberalization(FL).This can also be shown as
 
  BSD Pak=f(RGDP,RI,TO,FL)
 
  Where,BSD Pak=Banking Sector Development of Pakistan
 
  In this study,we have used following models which are estimated by using least square techniques.In model 1,we will use Liquid liabilities as the indicator of banking sector development.In model 2,Private Sector Credit will be used as the indicator of banking sector development where as in model 3,domestic credit will be used as the indicator of banking sector development.(Yu&Gan,2010)
 
  ln LL=βo+β1ln RGDP+β2 DR+β3TO+β4FL+e
 
  ln PRI=βo+β1ln RGDP+β2 DR+β3 TO+β4FL+e
 
  ln DC=βo+β1ln RGDP+β2 DR+β3 TO+β4FL+e
 
  where,
 
  ln LL=Natural logarithm of liquid liabilities
 
  ln PRI=Natural logarithm of Private sector Credit
 
  ln DC=Natural logarithm of Domestic Credit
 
  Data source:
 
  We have used annual data from 1970 to 2007 in this study.The data is obtained from the World Bank database and international financial statistics.However,Financial Liberalization Index of Pakistan,constructed by(Waliullah,2010)is used in this study.Real GDP(RGDP)is calculated by using following formula