essay代写经济学范文节选
发布时间：2021-02-07 16:40:51浏览次数：
essay代写：文化与土耳其经济Culture and the Turkish economy
本文是留学生essay范文节选，主要内容是讲述经济全球化背景下文化与经济的关系，并且以土耳其经济作为研究对象。
经营业务和跨国通信的特点直接关系到国家的文化。经济全球化无疑已成为人们普遍接受的现象。即使是中小型企业，不管是否愿意，都面临着国际商业关系的问题：购买设备、材料或其他贸易和采购活动，寻找合作伙伴或投资者，更不用说与跨国公司在本国市场的直接竞争。较大的市场参与者，由于不可避免的饱和，被迫考虑进入国际舞台。
所有这些因素使得企业文化和国际交流文化越来越受到管理者的重视。对某一特定文化的特殊性的认识，以及在实践中考虑和使用这些特性的能力，有助于一些公司快速、低成本地建立与合作伙伴的关系，以及其他与竞争对手更有效地进行合作的方式。了解国际交流的特点对在外国公司工作的管理人员也很有用，因为它们有助于更好地适应国外环境，了解高层管理人员的要求。
security issues and following the rules,which leads to poor perception of change and slow adaptation to new ideas.USA is characterized by culture with low UAI(UAI=46)associated with greater mobility,willingness to take risks,innovation,tendency to rely on knowledge,rather than absolute knowledge(Table 1).
Moreover,the USA is rather a country described by Hofstede as the country with masculinity behavior(MAS=62),i.e.dominance,encouragement to competition,high demands,desire for career achievements and entrepreneurship,greed and passion for capital accumulation,lack of caring about others.In contrast,though attached now to the European community,Turkey still belongs to femininity pattern(MAS=45)and the prevailing values are humility and altruism,gender equality,emphasis on serving people,mutual aid(Table 1).
In addition to the parameters identified by Hofstede,the predominant and characteristic of the culture type of communication is of great importance in the typology of business cultures.On this parameter,all nations can be ranked by the degree of cultural contextuality.Recent studies have revealed a high correlation between high/low-contextuality and the Hofstede's indices of individualism/collectivism,and hierarchical level of distancing(Cateora,2000).
Thus,low-context American culture shares relatively low hierarchical differences and high level of individualism.On the contrary,high-context Muslim culture is typically characterized by a significant difference between the hierarchical levels and low levels of individualism.Therefore,the majority of modern managers,employees of international companies,are more effective in countries with the low-context language,since they are relying on the reports,contracts and other acts documented in writing.But even in low-context cultures,communication is largely dependent on cultural differences(Cateora,2000;Gupta,2009).
High-context cultures require a considerable period of time before starting the business part of the relationship,because future partners must get to know each other for joint business.For example,if one cannot find time and desire to drink coffee and talk about abstract topics,one cannot advance to the business part of the conversation(Cateora,2000;Gupta,2009).
Another indicator is the source of power and level of authority,which is a direct consequence of the level of the hierarchical distance,as it combines the effect of the power structure in business with the status and position of manager in the community,depending on the size of the company,publicity,type of property,and cultural values.In Turkey,the decisions are mainly made exclusively by the head of the company,who prefers to deal only with senior executives of other companies.Business here is not between companies or divisions,but between individuals.The latter also means that in case of leadership changes from one side or another,the achieved agreements may lose their power,if trust relationships aren't re-established between new top executives of companies.Besides,the decentralized system,common for the U.S.,enables managers at various levels to make decisions relevant to their functions,which is not common for Turkey(Ararat,2008;Gupta,2009).
下一篇：代写essay中数字的正确写法
